Introduction to English Literature 2024
 

 

A lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: 
iambic * pentameters in English. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic 
patterns.

(1) The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the 
most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line ‘octave’ of 
two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line ‘sestet’ usually 
rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The transition from octave to sestet usually 
coincides with a ‘turn’ (Italian, volta) in the argument or mood of the 
poem. In a variant form used by the English poet John Milton, however, 
the ‘turn’ is delayed to a later position around the tenth line. Some later 
poets—notably William. Wordsworth—have employed this feature of 
the ‘Miltonic sonnet while relaxing the rhyme scheme of the octave to 
abbaacca. The Italian pattern has remained the most widely used in 
English and other languages.

(2) The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its 
foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet, 
rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. An important variant of this is the Spenserian 
sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser), which 
links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbcbccdcdee. In 
either form, the ‘turn’ comes with the final couplet, which may 
sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.

Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th 
century as a major form of love poetry, and came to be adopted in Spain,
France, and England in the 16th century, and in Germany in the 17th.
The standard subject-matter of early sonnets was the torments of sexual 
love (usually within a courtly love convention), but in the 17th 
century John Donne extended the sonnet's scope to religion, while 
Milton extended it to politics. Although largely neglected in the 18th 
century, the sonnet was revived in the 19th by Wordsworth, Keats, and 
Baudelaire, and is still widely used. Some poets have written connected 
series of sonnets, known as sonnet sequences or sonnet cycles: of these, 
the outstanding English examples are Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and 
Stella (1591), Spenser's Amoretti (1595), and Shakespeare’s Sonnets (1609); 
later examples include Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the 
Portuguese (1850) and W. H. Auden’s ‘In Time of War' (1939). A group of 
sonnets formally linked by repeated lines is known as a crown of 
sonnets.

 

 

 

 

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