Orpheus in John Milton

 

 

 

 Lycidas

 

a pastoral elegy lamenting the death of Edward King, one of his classmates in college.



Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless deep
Closed o¡¯er the head of your loved Lycidas?
For neither were ye playing on the steep,
Where your old bards, the famous Druids(Priestly poet-kings of Celtic Britain, who worshipped the forces of nature. They are buried on the mountain Kerig-y-Druion in Wales), lie,
Nor on the shaggy top of Mona(the island of Anglesey) high£¬
Nor yet where Deva(the river Dee in Cheshire) spreads her wizard stream(this river is supposed to foretell prosperity or dearth for the land).
Ay me, I fondly dream!
Had ye been there-for what could that have done?
What could the Muse herself that Orpheus bore,
The Muse(Calliope) herself, for her enchanting(both by song and magic) son,
Whom universal nature did lament,
When by the rout that made the hideous roar
His gory visage down the stream was sent,
Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore.
(50-63)

 

 

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Paradise Lost

*an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consists of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's Aeneid) with minor revisions throughout. It is considered to be Milton's major work, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time. The poem concerns the biblical story of the Fall of Man: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, as stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of God to men."

Descend from heaven, Urania(The Muse of astronomy and Christian poetry), by that name
If rightly thou art called, whose voice divine
Following, above the Olympian hill I soar,
Above the flight of Pegasean wing(Pegasus, the flying horse of inspired poetry, suggests [in connection with Bellerophone, 18] Milton's sense of perilous audacity in writing this poem.)
The meaning, not the name, I call(Milton means holy spirit rather than a Muse Urania): for thou
Nor of the Muses nine, nor on the top
Of old Olympus dwell¡¯st, but heavenly born,
Before the hills appeared or fountain flowed,
Thou with eternal Wisdom didst converse(associate),
Wisdom thy sister, and with her didst play
In presence of the Almighty Father, pleased
With thy celestial song. Up led by thee
Into the heaven of heavens I have presumed,
An earthly guest, and drawn empyreal(pertaining to the highest heaven in the cosmology of the ancients) air,
Thy tempering(made suitable by thee). 

*Proverbs 8, where Wisdom speaks of being with God before the creation of the world:'When there were no depths, I was brought forth; when there were no fountains abounding with water. Before the mountains were settled, before the hills was I brought forth....There I was by him, as on brought up with him: I was daily his delight, rejoicing always with him'(8:23-4, 30).

With like safety guided down
Lest from this flying steed unreined(Pegasus unreined may be too dangerous vehicle for any human being, but in the case of Bellerophone, Jupiter made Pegasus throw his rider)(as once
Bellerophon, though from a lower clime(region))
Dismounted, on the Aleian field(the field on which Bellerophon fell and doomed to wander the rest of his life) I fall,
Erroneous(Straying) there to wander and forlorn.
Half yet remains unsung, but narrower bound
Within the visible diurnal sphere(the universe);
Standing on earth, not rapt above the pole,
More safe I sing with mortal voice, unchanged
To hoarse or mute(referring to his own position after the Restoration), though fallen on evil days,
On evil days though fallen, and evil tongues;(He has chosen to continue to "speak" as a poet, and now to speak more safely of earthly things, not heavenly.)

*After the Restoration of Charles II(May 1660) and until the passage of the Act of Oblivion(August 1660), Milton was in danger of death and dismemberment (like Orpheus); several of his republican colleagues were hanged, disembowelled, and quartered for their part in the revolution and regicide. 

In darkness, and with dangers compassed round,
And solitude; yet not alone, while thou
Visit¡¯st my slumbers nightly or when morn
Purples the east. Still govern thou my song,
Urania, and fit audience find, though few.
But drive far off the barbarous dissonance
Of Bacchus and his revellers, the race
O that wild rout that tore the Thracian bard
In Rhodope, where woods and rocks had ears
To rapture, till the savage clamour(a loud persistent outcry) drowned
Both harp and voice; nor could the Muse(Calliope) defend
Her son. So fail not thou, who thee implores:
For thou art heavenly, she an empty dream.
(Book 7, 1-39)

 

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