A lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: 

iambic * pentameters in English. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic 

patterns.

(1) The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the 

most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises an 8-line ¡®octave¡¯ of 

two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line ¡®sestet¡¯ usually 

rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The transition from octave to sestet usually 

coincides with a ¡®turn¡¯ (Italian, volta) in the argument or mood of the 

poem. In a variant form used by the English poet John Milton, however, 

the ¡®turn¡¯ is delayed to a later position around the tenth line. Some later 

poets—notably William. Wordsworth—have employed this feature of 

the ¡®Miltonic sonnet while relaxing the rhyme scheme of the octave to 

abbaacca. The Italian pattern has remained the most widely used in 

English and other languages.

(2) The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its 

foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet, 

rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. An important variant of this is the Spenserian 

sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser), which 

links the three quatrains by rhyme, in the sequence ababbcbccdcdee. In 

either form, the ¡®turn¡¯ comes with the final couplet, which may 

sometimes achieve the neatness of an epigram.

Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th 

century as a major form of love poetry, and came to be adopted in Spain,

France, and England in the 16th century, and in Germany in the 17th.

The standard subject-matter of early sonnets was the torments of sexual 

love (usually within a courtly love convention), but in the 17th 

century John Donne extended the sonnet's scope to religion, while 

Milton extended it to politics. Although largely neglected in the 18th 

century, the sonnet was revived in the 19th by Wordsworth, Keats, and 

Baudelaire, and is still widely used. Some poets have written connected 

series of sonnets, known as sonnet sequences or sonnet cycles: of these, 

the outstanding English examples are Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and 

Stella (1591), Spenser's Amoretti (1595), and Shakespeare¡¯s Sonnets (1609); 

later examples include Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the 

Portuguese (1850) and W. H. Auden¡¯s ¡®In Time of War' (1939). A group of 

sonnets formally linked by repeated lines is known as a crown of 

sonnets.